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Tutorial: Understanding the DMM's Uncertainty Specifications
Uncertainties for digital multimeters (DMMs) are always listed as a percentage of the reading plus some integer-multiple of the least significant digit (dgt) on the scale.
e.g. ±(2.5% + 3 dgt)
So, for example, if we measure a voltage of 32.00V on a scale that has the uncertainty listed above (where 0.01V is the least significant digit on that scale), then the absolute uncertainty of our reading will be:
(32.00 × 0.025) = 0.8
+ (3 × 0.01) = 0.03
= 0.83 ⇒ ±0.8V
Notice how 3×(the least significant digit) made a negligible contribution to the total uncertainty in this example. However, if we measure a voltage of 0.09V on the same scale, then the absolute uncertainty will be:
(0.09 × 0.025) = 0.00225
+ (3 × 0.01) = 0.03
= 0.03225 ⇒ 0.03V
This demonstrates why it's important to use the most sensitive scale on the DMM that will still measure your reading. In this case, 3×(the least significant digit) was the major contribution, and it gave us an uncertainty that is very large compared to our value. Using a more sensitive scale should give us a better (i.e. smaller) uncertainty.
B & K 2712
| Setting | Range | Resolution | Accuracy |
|---|---|---|---|
| DC Voltage | 400 mV 4 V 40 V 400 V 1000 V |
0.01 mV | ±(0.15% + 10 dgt) on 400 mV range ±(0.1% + 5 dgt) on 4 V range ±(0.1% + 5 dgt) on 40 V range ±(0.1% + 5 dgt) on 400 V range ±(0.1% + 5 dgt) on 1000 V range |
| AC Voltage (True RMS 45-1000Hz) |
400 mV 4 V 40 V 400 V 750 V |
0.01 mV | ±(1.5% + 20 dgt) 45-60 Hz on 400 mV to 400 V ranges ±(1.5% + 20 dgt) 60-500 Hz on 4V range ±(1.5% + 20 dgt) 60Hz - 1kHz on 40 V to 400V ranges ±(2.0% + 20 dgt) 45-500 Hz on 750 V range |
| AC+DC Voltage (True RMS 45-1000Hz) |
400 mV 4V 40V 400V 750V |
0.01 mV | ±(2.0% + 20 dgt) 45-60 Hz on 400 mV to 400 V ranges ±(2.0% + 20 dgt) 60-500 Hz on 4V range ±(2.0% + 20 dgt) 60Hz - 1kHz on 40 V to 400 V ranges ±(2.0% + 20 dgt) 45-500 Hz on 750 V range |
| DC Current | 40 mA 400 mA 10 A |
1 μA | ±(0.5% + 10 dgt) on 40 mA to 400 mA ranges ±(1.5% + 10 dgt) on 10 A range |
| AC Current (True RMS 50-1000Hz) |
40 mA 400 mA 10 A |
1 μA | ±(2.0% + 10 dgt) on 40 mA to 400 mA ranges ±(2.5% + 10 dgt) on 10 A range |
| Resistance | 400 Ω 4 kΩ 40 kΩ 400 kΩ 4 MΩ 40 MΩ |
0.01 Ω | ±(0.3% + 15 dgt) on 400 Ω range ±(0.3% + 5 dgt) on 4 kΩ to 400 kΩ ranges ±(0.5% + 10 dgt) on 4 MΩ range ±(1.5% + 20 dgt) on 40 MΩ range |
| Capacitance | 4 nF 40 nF 400 nF 4 μF 40 μF |
1 pF | ±(3.0% + 20 dgt) on 4 nF range ±(3.0% + 5 dgt) on 40 nF to 400 nF ranges ±(3.0% + 5 dgt) on 4 μF to 20 μF ranges ±(5.0% + 5 dgt) on 20 μF to 40 μF ranges |
| Frequency | 100 Hz 1 kHz 10 kHz 100 kHz 500 kHz |
0.01 Hz | ±(0.1% + 10 dgt) |
B & K 2709B
| Setting | Range | Resolution | Accuracy |
|---|---|---|---|
| DC Voltage | 660 mV 6.6 V 66 V 660 V 1000 V |
0.1 mV | ±(0.5% + 2 dgt) |
| AC Voltage (True RMS 50-500Hz) |
660 mV 6.6 V 66 V 660 V 750 V |
0.1 mV | ±(1.5% + 8 dgt) 50-60 Hz for 660 mV range ±(1.5% + 8 dgt) on 6.6 V to 660 V ranges ±(2.0% + 8 dgt) on 750 V range |
| DC Current | 660 μA 6600 A 66 mA 400 mA 10 A |
0.1 μA | ±(1.5% + 2 dgt) on 660 μA to 400 mA ranges ±(3.0% + 3 dgt) on 10 A ranges |
| AC Current (True RMS 50-500Hz) |
660 μA 6600 A 66 mA 400 mA 10 A |
0.1 μA | ±(2.0% + 10 dgt) on 660 μA to 400 mA ranges ±(3.5% + 10 dgt) on 10 A ranges |
| Resistance | 660 Ω 6.6 kΩ 66 kΩ 660 kΩ 6.6 MΩ 66 MΩ |
0.1 Ω | ±(1.2% + 5 dgt) on 660 Ω to 660 kΩ ranges ±(2.0% + 5 dgt) on 6.6 MΩ range ±(3.5% + 5 dgt) on 66 MΩ range |
| Capacitance | 6.6 nF 66 nF 660 nF 6.6 μF 660 μF 6.6 mF 66 mF |
1 pF | ±(3.0 % + 30 dgt) on 6.6 nF scale ±(3.0 % + 5 dgt) on 66 nF to 660 μF ranges ±(3.0 % + 20 dgt) on 6.6 mF and 66 mF ranges |
| Frequency | 660 Hz 6.6 kHz 66 kHz 660 kHz 6.6 MHz 66 MHz |
0.1 Hz | ±(0.1 % + 3 dgt) |
B & K 388-HD
| Setting | Range | Resolution | Accuracy |
|---|---|---|---|
| DC Voltage | 200 mV 2 V 20 V 200 V 1000 V |
100 μV 1 mV 10 mV 100 mV 1 V |
± (0.5 % + 1 dgt) |
| AC Voltage | 200 mV 2 V 20 V 200 V 750 V |
100 μV 1 mV 10 mV 100 mV 1 V |
±(1.25 % + 4 dgt) 40 - 1 kHz on 200 mV to 200 V ranges ±(1.25 % + 4 dgt) 40 - 400 Hz on 750 V range |
| DC Current | 200 μA 2 mA 20 mA 200 mA 2 A 20 A |
0.1 μA 1 μA 10 μA 100 μA 1 mA 10 mA |
±(1.0 % + 1 dgt) on 200 μA to 200 mA ranges ±(2.0 % + 3 dgt) on 2A and 20 A ranges |
| AC Current | 200 μA 2 mA 20 mA 200 mA 2 A 20 A |
0.1 μA 1 μA 10 μA 100 μA 1 mA 10 mA |
±(1.5 % + 3 dgt) 40 - 1 kHz on 200 μA to 200 mA ranges ±(2.5 % + 3 dgt) 40 - 400 Hz on 2A and 20 A ranges |
| Resistance | 200 Ω 2 kΩ 20 kΩ 200 kΩ 2 MΩ 20 MΩ 2000 MΩ |
0.1 Ω 1 Ω 10 Ω 100 Ω 1 kΩ 10 kΩ 1 MΩ |
±(0.75 % + 4 dgt) for 200 Ω range ±(0.75 % + 1 dgt) on 2 kΩ to 2 MΩ ranges ±(1.5 % + 5 dgt) on 20 MΩ range ±(5 % + 10 dgt) on 2000 MΩ range |
| Capacitance | 2 nF 20 nF 200 nF 2 μF 20 μF |
1 pF 10 pF 100 pF 1 nF 10 nF |
±(2.0 % + 4 dgt) |
| Frequency | 2 kHz 20 kHz 200 kHz |
1 Hz 10 Hz 100 Hz |
±(1.0 % + 3 dgt) |
Fluke 75
| Setting | Range | Resolution | Accuracy |
|---|---|---|---|
| DC Voltage | 320 mV | 0.1 mV | ±(0.4 % + 1 dgt) |
| DC Voltage | 3.200 V 32.00 V 320 V 1000 V |
0.001 V 0.01 V 0.1 V 1 V |
±(0.4 % + 1 dgt) |
| AC Voltage | 3.200 V 32.00 V 320 V 750 V |
0.001 V 0.01 V 0.1 V 1 V |
±(2.0 % + 2 dgt) 45 - 500 Hz on 3.2 V range ±(2.0 % + 2 dgt) 45 - 1 kHz on 32 V to 750 V ranges |
| DC Current | 32.00 mA 320 mA 10.0 A |
0.01 mA 0.1 mA 0.01 A |
±(1.5 % + 1 dgt) |
| AC Current | 32.00 mA 320 mA 10.0 A |
0.01 mA 0.1 mA 0.01 A |
±(2.4 % + 2 dgt) 45 - 1 kHz |
| Resistance | 320.0 Ω 3200 Ω 32.00 Ω 320.0 kΩ 3.200 MΩ 32.00 MΩ |
0.1 Ω 1 Ω 10Ω 100Ω 1 kΩ 10 kΩ |
±(0.5 % + 2 dgt) on 320 Ω range ±(0.5 % + 1 dgt) on 3200 Ω to 3.200 MΩ ranges ±(2 % + 1 dgt) on 32.00 MΩ range |
Fluke 115
| Setting | Range | Resolution | Accuracy | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DC Voltage | 600.0 mV | 0.1 mV | ± (0.5 % + 2 dgt) | |
| DC Voltage | 6.00 V 60.00 V 600.0 V |
0.001 V 0.01 V 0.1 V |
±(0.5 % + 2 dgt) | |
| AC Voltage (True RMS) |
600.0 mV | 0.1 mV | ±(1.0 % + 3 dgt) 45 - 500 Hz | ±(2.0 % + 3 dgt) 500 - 1 kHz |
| AC Voltage (True RMS) |
6.000 V 60.00 V 600.0 V |
0.001 V 0.01 V 0.1 V |
±(1.0 % + 3 dgt) 45 - 500 Hz | ±(2.0 % + 3 dgt) 500 - 1 kHz |
| DC Current | 6.000 A 10.00 A 20 A |
0.001 A 0.01 A |
±(1.0 % + 3 dgt) | |
| AC Current (True RMS) |
6.000 A 10.00 A 20 A |
0.001 A 0.01 A |
±(1.5 % + 3 dgt) 45 - 500 Hz | |
| Resistance | 600.0 Ω 6.000 kΩ 60.00 kΩ 600.0 kΩ 6.000 MΩ 40.00 MΩ |
0.1 Ω 0.001 kΩ 0.01 kΩ 0.1 kΩ 0.001 MΩ 0.01 MΩ |
±(0.9 % + 2 dgt) on 600 Ω range ±(0.9 % + 1 dgt) on 6 kΩ to 6 MΩ ranges ±(5 % + 2 dgt) on 40 MΩ range |
|
| Capacitance | 1000 nF 10.00 μF 100.0 μF 9999 μF |
1 nF 0.01 μF 0.1 μF 1 μF |
±(1.9 % + 2 dgt) for 1000 nF and 10 μF ranges for 100 - 1000 μF: ±(1.9 % + 2 dgt), for greater than 1000 μF: ±(5 % + 20 dgt) |
|
| Frequency | 99.99 Hz 999.9 Hz 9.999 kHz 50.00 kHz |
0.01 Hz 0.1 Hz 0.001 kHz 0.01 kHz |
±(0.1 % + 2 dgt) | |
Fluke 175
| Setting | Range | Resolution | Accuracy | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DC Voltage | 600.0 mV | 0.1 mV | ±(0.15 % + 2 dgt) | |
| DC Voltage | 6.00 V 60.00 V 600.0 V 1000 V |
0.001 V 0.01 V 0.1 V 1 V |
±(0.15 % + 2 dgt) | |
| AC Voltage (True RMS) |
600.0 mV 6.000 V 60.00 V 600.0 V 1000 V |
0.1 mV 0.001 V 0.01 V 0.1 V 1 V |
±(1.0 % + 3 dgt) 45 - 500 Hz | ±(2.0 % + 3 dgt) 500 - 1 kHz |
| DC Current | 60.00 mA 400.0 mA 6.000 A 10.00 A |
0.01 mA 0.1 mA 0.001 A 0.01 A | ±(1.0 % + 3 dgt) | |
| AC Current (True RMS) |
60.00 mA 400.0 mA 6.000 A 10.00 A |
0.01 mA 0.1 mA 0.001 A 0.01 A |
±(1.5 % + 3 dgt) 45 - 1 kHz | |
| Resistance | 600.0 Ω 6.000 kΩ 60.00 kΩ 600.0 kΩ 6.000 MΩ 50.00 MΩ |
0.1 Ω 0.001 kΩ 0.01 kΩ 0.1 kΩ 0.001 MΩ 0.01 MΩ |
±(0.9 % + 2 dgt) for 600 Ω range ±(0.9 % + 1 dgt) for 6 kΩ to 6 MΩ ranges ±(1.5 % + 3 dgt) for 50 MΩ range |
|
| Capacitance | 1000 nF 10.00 μF 100.0 μF 9999 μF |
1 nF 0.01 μF 0.1 μF 1 μF |
±(1.2 % + 2 dgt) for 1000 nF to 100 μF ranges ±10 % for 9999 μF range |
|
| Frequency | 99.99 Hz 999.9 Hz 9.999 kHz 99.99 kHz |
0.01 Hz 0.1 Hz 0.001 kHz 0.01 kHz |
±(0.1 % + 1 dgt) | |